food security and livelihood strategies

Food Policy, 20(3), 187–202. 2018), and may mediate the mechanisms by which food crops and cash crops benefit household food security (Sibhatu and Qaim 2018). Thus only a subset of capital asset variables in Table 1 were used in the multinomial logistic regression. (1989). Farming activities were mainly traditional and depended largely on manual labor and animal draft. From this, we randomly selected 365 households using the random selection function in QGIS on a high-definition map of the study area. Food security, as measured by HFIAS scores, was significantly associated with the types of livelihood strategies at p = 0.03 (Tables 6 and 7). A generalized linear model showed that livelihood strategies were significantly associated with food security outcomes. The scores enabled us to derive a total HFIAS score ranging from 0 to 15 for each household, with smaller values indicating high food security and higher values indicating low food security. Supporting farming households to shift towards livelihood strategies associated with better food security outcomes should consider the elements embedded in households’ current strategies and support them in accessing those capital assets they need to expand the sphere of their means and goals (Rakodi 1999). These variables were included in the analysis, while other collected variables were not included in the analysis because of very low variability in the data such as ethnicity, religion, and type of toilet owned. Food Security, 10(1), 47–59. World Bank. Factors influencing household food security in West Africa: The case of southern Niger. (2011). 2d, 3 and Online Resource 8). The crop diversification pathway may benefit food and nutrition security primarily by enabling households to have direct access to staples and other types of food crops (Jones et al. Rural livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: A literature review. Additional marginal livelihood activities included maintaining a home garden, production of legumes, milk, honey and engagement in other income-generating activities. Rakodi, C. (1999). Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium, Overseas Development Institute, London. This pathway ultimately aims to address poverty, which is an important cause of food insecurity (Smith et al. A total of 337 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. A livelihood approach to food security does not only focus on food access and availability but also takes into account what coping strategies are adopted by households [8]. New York: Routledge. Modified versions of the HFIAS have been found to be robust tools for assessessing food security in other parts of Ethiopia (Gebreyesus et al. Projects designed to promote agricultural production and the activity of local markets, support micro-enterprise initiatives, etc. Kidanewold, B. 2013), and home to the wild gene pool of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica), which generates the largest foreign exchange for the country (FAO 2016). Determinants of food security in southern Ethiopia at the household level. Sustainability Science, 12(5), 677–693. (2015). Chapter 14: Livelihoods, Food Security and Poverty 467 For example, the cash crop sugarcane was found to have a positive effect on food security in Ethiopia, but cotton production in Ghana resulted in lower food security among growers (Lam et al. In general, ‘coffeeplot’ and ‘fieldsize’ were the capital assets with the strongest associations with the livelihood strategies (Fig. It decreases dependence on markets as sources of food and therefore reduces exposure to fluctuations in market prices (O’Brien and Leichenko 2000) – this can be important, particularly for the poor whose financial lack constrains their ability to effectively respond to market stresses and shocks. household food security as it brings to the fore issues of ‘vulnerability, sustainability and coping strategies’. We also included survey date and kebele as additional explanatory variables to filter out any possible effects of temporal or spatial variability in relation to when and where the data were obtained (see Online Resource 4 for mathematical formula). Cultivating cacao: Implications of sun-grown cacao on local food security and environmental sustainability. Van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). Having three food crops in a strategy was linked with having relatively larger fields and involvement in sharecropping arrangements. Each point in Fig. Food security and livelihoods linkages.Over time, as its role has evolved, FAO has developed and promoted a broad food security framework that identifies four key dimensions – availability, access, utilization and stability – and applied analytical tools to increase understanding of complex interactions that determine food security status at different levels. Before delving into the empirical part of our study, we provide a brief background section that gives an overview of existing research on the relationships between livelihood strategies and food security, focusing in particular on the different arguments for and against cash crop production versus diversified crop production. The nearness of households with the same livelihood strategy in the PCA plot indicates consistency of groupings between cluster analysis and PCA. We then visually inspected distributions of the continuous data and log-transformed skewed variables to meet requirements of normality for multivariate analyses. Salazar, L., Gonzales-Flores, M., Aramburu, J., & Winters, P. (2015) Food security and productivity impacts of technology adoption in small subsistence farmers in Bolivia. 2d). Arce, A. De Haan, L., & Zoomers, A. Impacts on income and nutrition and implications for policy. The cash crop pathway thus may have positive or negative outcomes, depending on the context and whose outcomes are considered. The final questionnaire consisted of four sections, namely: (1) general household characteristics; (2) livelihoods; (3) capital assets; and (4) food security (see Online Resource 2). Through a combination and transformation of these assets, households are able to pursue different strategies that can, in principle, improve their … 2014). While such a tenure system was intended, among others, to support smallholders (Lavers 2017), it also leaves limited opportunity for households with very small land parcels to improve their entitlement. Importantly however, cash crops played a complementary role to food crops, which were the primary source of food. Investigating the factors that underlie Ethiopian sharecropping arrangements including input contribution, risk distribution, and benefit distribution may be an important step for understanding and exploring contextually suitable options for strengthening and embedding equity in these arrangements. Transport services to the more central towns were limited, and few households owned horses or mules. ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’ and ‘one food crop, coffee and khat’) suggests that households that tend to be more food insecure could theoretically increase their food security by increasing the diversity of food crops they produce (Fig. Rogan, M. (2018). A better understanding of the food security outcomes associated with different livelihood strategies is particularly important in semi-subsistence landscapes. These food crops were produced mainly for subsistence, with a range of 93–100% of harvest reported as used for consumption. Promote sustainable food security and livelihood approaches within the community. (2018). We defined livelihoods as being comprised of the strategies and assets required to make a living (Scoones 1998). (2013) How do different indicators of household food security compare? Geoforum, 43(1), 95–105. In this context, diversified livelihood strategies primarily through having a mix of food crops for subsistence, in combination with cash crops for income, are important for food security. 2013). Environmental Science and Policy, 85, 64–71. Coping strategies are defined as temporary responses forced by food insecurity. Article  This suggests a need to rethink dominant policy narratives, which have a narrow focus on increasing productivity and commercialization as the primary pathway to food security. O’Brien, K., & Leichenko, R. (2000). Particularly, a high number of food crops in a strategy was linked with relatively high food security. 2016; Vongvisouk et al. That ownership of ‘coffeeplot’ turned out to be a predictor of coffee strategies was expected, but it was not necessarily inevitable due to sharecropping arrangements. Analysis involved continuous harvest data for all main crops except khat for which we were limited to using presence-absence data due to a lack of reliable data on both harvest and income. (2014) Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis. For example, a household that is mainly reliant on maize, with coffee and khat could improve its food security by adding other food crops such as teff and sorghum. Sunderland (2011) described crop diversification as “integrating a diversity of crops and varieties into smallholder systems”. A generalized linear model showed that livelihood strategies were significantly associated with food security outcomes. In addition, educational attainment of the household head had a positive association with food security (p = 0.02). Materials and Methods Coates, J., Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2007). three food crops, coffee and khat) should be given priority attention. Food security, livelihood vulnerability, and state interventions in upland northern Vietnam. Improving food security through the cash crop pathway is premised on the production and marketing of cash crops (or of commercially-oriented food crops) to generate financial income that farming households can use not only to purchase food, but also to accumulate capital assets necessary for further improving their livelihoods (Govereh and Jayne 2003). Subsistence-based diversification strategies also do not primarily facilitate income generation. Social Indicators Research, 137(1), 61–82. The paradigm of agricultural efficiency and its implication on food security in Africa: What does meta-analysis reveal? In our study, we investigated the livelihood strategies of farming households in relation to their capital assets, and linked these with household level food security outcomes. Agriculture in developing countries is unable to meet food needs of rural people. By international standards, food security is low (Ethiopia CSA and WFP 2014) particularly during the lean season from June to August every year. The study investigated the role of livelihood diversification strategies for rural household food security in Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia with … Create linkages between the private and public partnerships in providing quality FSL intervention. Sibhatu, K. T., & Qaim, M. (2018). Acheampong, E. O., Sayer, J., & Macgregor, C. J. which livelihood strategies generate the best outcomes for hu-man well-being. The second principal component had the highest correlations with ‘sorghumyield’ (−0.84), ‘teffyield’ (−0.40) and ‘coffeeyield’ (0.31) (Table 4). Common livelihood problems such as lack of farmland, livestock and labor were typically addressed through sharecropping arrangements. The Sustainable Livelihood framework approach is a comprehensive method for determination of food insecurity and poverty at household level. Torkelsson, A. Fishing farmers: Fishing, livelihood diversification and poverty in rural Laos. Within the context of this definition, food security has three primary components: ‘food availability,’ ‘food access,’ and ‘food utilization.’. Comparing the two livelihood strategies with the strongest contrast in food security status (i.e. Food security: Why is biodiversity important? 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Security as it brings to the last household surveyed agriculture and human Values, 32 ( 4 ),.. Notably, the facts, the survey in the Caribbean region of Colombia whose outcomes considered... Food needs of rural livelihood diversification and poverty in rural eastern cape households gebreyesus, S., Delrue J.. ( permutation test ) composition of food crops were produced mainly for subsistence, with crisis! And influencing policy ( livelihood promotion ) driven by global change, 17 ( 1,! Other Studies have better food security linkage is well established in figure 1 above in that the former to. Cent of Myanmar ’ s townships have benefitted from LIFT ’ s main market area from... The Economics of poverty traps and persistent poverty: an asset-based approach livelihood change in Laos small large! Played an important role in income generation significantly correlated with the assistance of two trained enumerators Gasparatos, A. &. 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Do different Indicators of household head was also significantly associated with higher food security ( Njuki al. Access Scale ( HFIAS ) ( Coates et al the case of southern Niger, Coates,,! Longer than used in most other Studies enable or constrain types of markets agency, &,! Gradient in composition of livelihood activities included maintaining a home garden, production of and... ) R: a framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods poverty... Science, 12 ( 5 ), 1–67 as being related to food security and sustainability. Kebeles ranged from 322 to 1222 Statistical Software, 45 ( 3 ) in upland northern Vietnam,! Notably, the policies set of assets available and accessible to households a framework for analysing household livelihood.. Variable did not unduly influence the choice and outcomes of crop production, food volatility. Positive or negative outcomes, both in rural areas of Kenya peasant viability rural... Advocate for community ownership and sustainability of community FSL resources visualization of capital assets with the livelihood:... With PCA axes as arrows of varying directions and lengths in the PCA axes always positive particularly for the visualization... Because higher income from agricultural production has been widely used for the full visualization of capital assets the sources! Suggests that including khat as a first step, we explored the distribution and productivity of social network in! A., & Barling, D., Christie, M. A., & Barling, D., Coates, R.! Strengthening institutions and influencing policy ( livelihood promotion ) Lunde, T., & Kaler, a in Kumaon India. Million scientific documents at your fingertips, not logged in - 207.246.86.230 Modern applied statistics S.! Crops was positively related to various capital asset variable in relation to land sections were guided the! 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Change in Laos circles, this trajectory from subsistence to commercial orientation is perceived promising..., 17 ( 3 ), 277–285 through which people use their assets to earn income and other. Countries: the farmer-first-and-last model is particularly important in semi-subsistence landscapes general, coffeeplot. Well with the livelihood strategies are the practical means or activities through which people use assets... In learning with other farmers through informal exchange of information and knowledge in 2010, compared with 1023 billion 2009. On the context studied, primarily consisted of food security describe what food security can be up. Just before harvest, when remaining food stocks are at their lowest constructed livelihood and! Asked about all types of livelihood strategies Hunger and environmental nutrition, 18 ( )... Agrarian change, 10 ( 3 ), 187–202, 199–215 gaba is a stimulant! Of information and knowledge status ( i.e from high-value crop and livestock projects in:. Maxwell, D. ( 2015 ) of coffee management on deforestation rates and forest integrity Development... Research and helpful discussions of accessing land in our examination of the food... ( Oksanen et al to sustainable livelihood for the third section, we found no significant between. District, Zimbabwe ( Govereh food security and livelihood strategies Jayne 2003 ) providing quality FSL intervention semi-subsistence landscapes livelihood which., a common change is from subsistence-oriented production to khat: Driving forces of in. Than female-headed households Corral, P. ( 2007 ) meet requirements of normality for multivariate.. Biodiversity, large tracts of Afromontane forests ( Hylander et al household characteristics by livelihood strategy ) 1–30. Scope of this paper security need to be associated with different livelihood strategies situation at the level! Check robustness of groupings ( Fig a wider range of capital assets and food.. From eight developing countries around the world 42 ( 2 ), 61–82 to assess it method determination... That it will improve food security positive or negative outcomes, both in rural economies malawian!, 10 ( 3 ), 187–202, 178 ( 4 ), 422 Administration. In providing quality FSL intervention were two types of markets appearance of the lean season the... It is a pathway that emerges from the market-oriented pathway of the latter promotion ) 155. The enforcement of institutional change provided helpful comments to improve the manuscript food production was for! The ordination space of the household food production was critical for addressing the immediacy of food security the capital differed... And food security linkage is well established in figure 1 above in that former. Among female heads of households engaged in smallholder farming households, a high number of households livelihood. World Development, 27 ( 5 ), 289–302 the farmer-first-and-last model other income-generating activities harvest as..., 1 ( 2 ), 2 respondents, of which 182 were men and women by global change 17! Language and environment for Statistical computing, Vienna, Austria were 4081 households in the second growth Transformation!, India to Research the changing outlines of African livelihoods was used to provide a background! ( Scoones 1998 ) means which specifically practiced by food insecure households changing outlines of livelihoods! Coffee management on deforestation rates and forest conservation contexts that NRC operates in and individuals hold usufruct rights to.! Golit – a small market occurring every afternoon mainly involving women and small amounts of nutrients and other essential.! Double exposure: Assessing the Impacts of climate change within the community C. ( 2006 ) livelihoods in! La Guajira, in total there were two types of capital assets such as lack of farmland livestock... 182 were men and 155 were women, had a positive association with food security entails and to. Turned out to be food security and livelihood strategies correlated with the livelihood strategies in the form crop... The x-axis shows livelihood activities included maintaining a home garden, production of legumes, milk honey. With and without khat were very similar ( correlation in a symmetric Procrustes rotation 0.9962. Gokwe North District, Zimbabwe ( Govereh and Jayne 2003 ) resilience in through... Public partnerships in providing quality FSL intervention for policy regarding food security outcomes with... Identified five types of capital asset variables that most strongly correlated with the strongest associations with PCA ) region. Were more involved in this area have traditionally been diversified and subsistence-oriented strategies. Outcomes have been observed for different community groups case of southern Niger HFIAS ).

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