holocaust memorial germany

Quoted in Leggewie/Meyer 2005 p. 294. The Media Line — Richard Grenell went from being US ambassador to Germany to serving as acting head of national intelligence and has now been nominated to sit on the Holocaust Memorial … In the course of the discussions about what to do, which lasted until 13 November, most of the Jewish organizations including the Central Council of Jews in Germany spoke out against working with Degussa, while the architect Peter Eisenman, for one, supported it. He criticized the "monumentalization", and "ceaseless presentation of our shame." It's bleak and moving. "In its radical refusal of the inherited iconography of remembrance, Berlin's field of stones also forgoes any statement about its own reason for existence. The rest of the exhibition is divided into four rooms dedicated to personal aspects of the tragedy, e.g. The destruction of the Holocaust has resulted in a missing epoch of Jewish heritage. [7], The date for the inauguration was scrapped and in 1997 the first of three public discussions on the monument was held. "My impression is that you hide yourself away in history in order to keep the present from cutting too close". First, they were forced into ghettos and removed from society and eventually they were removed from existence. [38] Many of the installation's greatest critics fear that the memorial does not do enough to address a growing movement of Holocaust deniers. In her speech, she noted that although the Holocaust had taken everything she valued, it had also taught her that hatred and discrimination are doomed to fail. Some have interpreted this to reflect the lack of collective guilt amongst the German population. Hartmann was previously head of the German Desk of the International School for Holocaust Studies of Yad Vashem — Israel's official memorial and … [19], Reflecting the continuing disagreements, Paul Spiegel, then the president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany and a speaker at the opening ceremony in 2005, expressed reservations about the memorial, saying that it was "an incomplete statement." [36] Indeed, swastikas were drawn on the stelae on five occasions in this first year. Just across the street in the Tiergarten lies the small Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism, and moving towards the Reichstag is the newly opened Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism. The cost of construction was approximately €25 million. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Washington, DC 20024-2126 Main telephone: 202.488.0400 TTY: 202.488.0406 Many visitors to Europe feel compelled to visit these sites, and they should. For one, it transpired that it was not by coincidence that the involvement of Degussa had been publicized in Switzerland, because another company that had bid to produce the anti-graffiti substance was located there. Some claimed the erection of the memorial ignored Germany's responsibility to engage in more active forms of remembrance. One was designed by a group around the architect Simon Ungers from Hamburg; it consisted of 85×85 meters square of steel girders on top of concrete blocks located on the corners. [23], On 13 November, the decision was made to continue working with the company, and was subsequently heavily criticized. In this way, the memorial illustrates that the number of Jewish individuals lost in the Holocaust was so colossal that is impossible to physically visualize. Benjamin has said "The monument works to maintain the incomplete". The 2,711 rectangular concrete slabs placed on a sloping stretch of land … The memorial opened to mark the 70th anniversary of Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass, a pogrom in Nazi Germany … Certain German civilians were angered that no memorial had been erected remembering the flight and expulsion of Germans from Eastern territories. It is discreetly placed on the eastern edge of the monument. Diepgen had previously argued that the memorial is too big and impossible to protect. The visitor display begins with a timeline that lays out the history of the Final Solution, from when the National Socialists took power in 1933 through the murder of more than a million Soviet Jews in 1941. [32], Initial concerns about the memorial's construction focused on the possible effects of weathering, fading, and graffiti. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. [citation needed] Eleven submissions were restored to the race as requested by several jurors, after they had had a chance to review the eliminated works in the months in between the meetings. The first provisional stelae were erected in May 2001. This often reminds one of the separation and loss of family among the Jewish community during the Holocaust. Germany has dedicated itself to never forgetting the Holocaust. It chronicles Jewish life in Germany from Roman times to present day. Actually, t he famous one isn't called the Holocaust memorial at all, despite this very common nickname. The camp was erected in 1936 and more than 200,000 people were imprisoned here by the Nazis. In 20 years there could be even more. Architecturally, the information center's most prominent feature lies in its coffered concrete ceilings. The names of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust would be engraved into the concrete, with spaces left empty for those victims whose names remain unknown. [54], The memorial has also come under fire for perpetuating what some critics call an "obsession with the Holocaust". In the spring of 2003, work began on the construction of the Memorial. Some analyze the lack of individual names on the monument as an illustration of the unimaginable number of murdered Jews in the Holocaust. First, Walter Jens, the president of the Akademie der Künste was elected chairman of the jury. [55], Many critics found the "vagueness" of the stelae disturbing. "[16] Kohl still insisted on numerous changes, but Eisenman soon indicated he could accommodate them. In response, Berlin's Jewish community threatened to boycott the memorial, forcing Rosh to withdraw her proposal. It is located one block south of the Brandenburg Gate, in the Mitte neighborhood. "[22], In the discussions that followed, several facts emerged. Twelve artists were specifically invited to submit a design and given 50,000 DM (€25,000) to do so. Some critics claimed there was no need for a memorial in Berlin as several concentration camps were memorialized, honoring the murdered Jews of Europe. [16] Among other changes, the initial Eisenman-Serra project was soon scaled down to a monument of some 2,000 pillars. [9] The monument is situated on the former location of the Berlin Wall, where the "death strip" once divided the city. Opened in May 2005, the memorial in Berlin-Mitte is located near the Brandenburg Gate and is one of the city's most impressive sights. Located in the center of Berlin between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate, this impressive site sits on 4.7 acres. Widespread Cracking Found in Berlin's Holocaust Memorial, Cracks appear in Berlin's Holocaust memorial, Berlin's Holocaust memorial at risk of crumbling, Amid bustling Berlin, stillness in the Holocaust Memorial, "Germany's Memorial – "the Holocaust Memorial | A Jew Among The Germans | FRONTLINE | PBS", "Peter Eisenman – Architect of the Field of Stelae", "A Self-Serving Admission of Guilt: An Examination of the Intentions and Effects of Germany's Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe", "Germany's Memorial – Germany's National Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe", "The Inadequacy of Berlin's "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, "A Reaction to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe", "Remembering the Holocaust: Extracting Meaning from Concrete Blocks", "Germany's memorial to the murdered Jews of Europe: Debates and reactions", "Jews angry over memorial plan for death camp tooth", "Germans, Jews & History – "how Do Young Germans Deal with the Legacy of the Holocaust and the Third Reich?" Admittedly, all objections against this pedagogical extra fall silent when one has descended the stairs to the Information Center and entered the first four rooms". The title of the monument does not include the words "Holocaust" or "Shoah". In addition, Spiegel criticized the memorial for providing no information on the Nazi perpetrators themselves and therefore blunting the visitors' "confrontation with the crime. At the same time, an information point was erected at the fence surrounding the construction site. [57] In 2014, the German government promised to strengthen security at the memorial after a video published on the Internet showed a man urinating and people launching fireworks from its grey concrete structure on New Year's Eve. Many visitors to Europe feel compelled to visit these sites, and they should. The Jewish Museum in Berlin covers the scope of the Jewish experience. The Holocaust took place in the broader context of World War II. The missing parts of the structure illustrate the missing members of the Jewish community that will never return. Quoted in Leggewie/Meyer 2005 p. 294. They commemorate the individual victims of the Holocaust with their name (or names of the family), date(s) of birth, and a brief description of their fate. According to architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff, "The day I visited the site, a 2-year-old boy was playing atop the pillars—trying to climb from one to the next as his mother calmly gripped his hand. There are walks throughout the extensive site, including the routes taken by the former patrols. In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews by religious definition lived in Germany. [citation needed] After the recalculation, the number of slabs that could legally fit into the designated areas was 2,711. There is also a Documentation Center, which houses all documents, photographs, and films exploring the history of the camp. [48] The lack of unified shape within the group of blocks has also been understood as a symbolic representation of the "task of remembering". "It is as if they (exhibits) were directed at people who cannot find the capacity to believe that the Holocaust occurred". Her concept consisted of 100×100 meters large concrete plate, seven meters thick. | A Jew Among The Germans | FRONTLINE | PBS", Swastikas Are Found on Berlin’s Holocaust Memorial, AP Reports, Berlin to protect Holocaust memorial after vandalism, "Please stop playing Pokemon at Germany's Holocaust sites, "Totem and Taboo: Grindr remembers the holocaust", "Grindr Users Post 'Sexy' Pictures From Holocaust Memorial in Bizarre, Ironic Trend", http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/zdk/en204106.htm, Archived Information on The Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, The Economist: Germany's Jews (Jan. 3, 2008)looking for information on Julius Pick, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe at Archiplanet, Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars, Die Humpty-Dumpty-Maschine der totalen Zukunft, Athena Leads the Young Warrior into the Fight, Athena Teaches the Young Man How to Use a Weapon, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe&oldid=1000837965, Articles with German-language sources (de), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 17 January 2021, at 00:07. On 15 December 2004 there was a public ceremony to put the last of the 2,711 stelae in place. [3][16] Meanwhile, architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff claimed the memorial "is able to convey the scope of the Holocaust's horrors without stooping to sentimentality – showing how abstraction can be the most powerful tool for conveying the complexities of human emotion. We recommend booking The Holocaust Memorial - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe tours ahead of time to secure your spot. [48], The memorial's structures also deny any sense of collectivity. Holocaust museum, any of several educational institutions and research centers dedicated to preserving the experiences of people who were victimized by the Nazis and their collaborators during the Holocaust. In May 2005, on the 60th anniversary of the camp’s liberation, a redesigned memorial site was opened including several exhibitions that document the history of the site and remember the suffering of over 100,000 people imprisoned here. The official ceremony opening of the memorial was on 10 May, and the Memorial and the Information Centre was opened to the public on 12 May 2005. Germany has dedicated itself to never forgetting the Holocaust. A subsidiary company of Degussa, Degesch, had even produced the Zyklon B gas used to poison people in the gas chambers. [50], Several have noted that the number of stelae is identical to the number of pages in the Babylonian Talmud. But keep in mind that memorial sites offer an unflinching look  at what happened here and you should be respectful when visiting Holocaust Memorials in Germany. The Holocaust Memorial A huge field of stelae in the center of the German capital was designed by New York architect Peter Eisenmann. Visitors can stand in the very room where the Endlösung or "Final Solution" (ie the Holocaust) was planned out. The Memorial consists of the Field of Stelae, designed by Peter Eisenman, and the subterranean Information Centre. The Memorial offers a guided tour in English, which includes parts of the historic exhibition "Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, 1938-1945. [8], In April 1994 a competition for the memorial's design was announced in Germany's major newspapers. Identity in a regime is largely shaped by belongingness defined through 'sameness' and the "repetition of the same". Notable Holocaust museums include Yad Vashem in Jerusalem and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [47], Some visitors and Berliners have also interpreted the contrast between the grey flat stones and the blue sky as a recognition of the "dismal times" of the Holocaust. [6], Building began on 1 April 2003, and was finished on 15 December 2004. Anne Frank was imprisoned in this camp and died of Typhus in March of 1945. [29] The medley of Hebrew and Yiddish songs that followed the speeches was sung by Joseph Malovany, cantor of the Fifth Avenue Synagogue in New York, accompanied by the choir of the White Stork Synagogue in Wrocław, Poland, and by the Lower Silesian German-Polish Philharmonic Youth Orchestra. Set in a former Jewish cemetery, behind the Jewish Museum, you will see thousands of placards with Jewish people's names and the location and year of their death during the holocaust. The names of several extermination camps would be perforated into the girders, so that these would be projected onto objects or people in the area by sunlight. Don't miss out on great deals for things to do on your trip to Berlin! About 30 minutes north of Berlin lies the memorial site Sachsenhausen, a former concentration camp in Oranienburg. The monument is composed of 2711 rectangular concrete blocks, laid out in a grid formation, the monument is organized into a rectangle-like array covering 1.9 hectares (4.7 acres). The undulating surfaces mirror the pattern of the pillars and pathways overhead, causing the visitor to feel like they have entered a collection of graves. "The reduction of responsibility to a tacit fact that 'everybody knows' is the first step on the road to forgetting". [60], In January 2013, the blog Totem and Taboo posted a collection of profile pictures from the gay dating app Grindr, taken at the memorial. He studies postwar German-Jewish relations and told Die Tageszeitung that Germany's focus on the past overlooks the racist tendencies in society today and suggests a hopelessness toward the future. It also emerged in late 1999 that a small corner of the site was still owned by a municipal housing company, and the status of that piece of land had to be resolved before any progress on the construction could be made. 16.8k Posts - See Instagram photos and videos taken at ‘Berlin Holocaust Memorial’ [10] "Aesthetically, the Information Center runs against every intention of the open memorial. Some claim the downward slope that directs you away from the outside symbolically depicts the gradual escalation of the Third Reich's persecution of the European Jewish community. [45] Critics say that the memorial assumes that people are aware of the facts of the Holocaust. During the war, the area acted as the administrative center of Hitler's killing machine, with the Chancellery building and his bunker both nearby. This is often understood as a symbolic representation of the forced segregation and confinement of Jews during the Nazi regime. Holocaust Memorial at Drancy internment camp (Mémorial de la Shoah de Drancy) Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation (Paris) ... Stolperstein – Holocaust memorials all over Germany and in 21 further European countries; Topf & Söhne – Builders of the Auschwitz Ovens. [39] The Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe official English website[2] states that the design represents a radical approach to the traditional concept of a memorial, partly because Eisenman said the number and design of the monument had no symbolic significance. This is a touching memorial that should be visited Come to acknowledge the long history of German Jewry. An online Holocaust memorial event held by the Israeli Embassy in Germany was temporarily suspended Monday after it was “Zoom bombed” with anti-Semitic slogans and photos of … "[10] A 2016 controversy occurred with the app Pokémon Go. [11], Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who had taken a close personal interest in the project, expressed his dissatisfaction with the recommendations of the jury to implement the work of the Jackob-Marks team. Fifteen historic concentration camp buildings on the site are preserved. It was dedicated on 10 May 2005, as part of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of V-E Day and opened to the public two days later. 1939–1941. [50], In early 1998, a group of leading German intellectuals, including writer Günter Grass, argued that the monument should be abandoned. In the spring of 2003, work began on the construction of the Memorial. Many visitors have claimed walking through the memorial makes one feel trapped without any option other than to move forward. You’re free to access this maze at any point and make your individual journey through it. The memorial site houses various exhibitions and you can also see the former grounds of the camp, the gatehouse and detention cells, watchtowers, crematorium, disinfection center, railway station, SS quarters, quarry, and graveyards. [15] Serra, however, quit the design team soon after, citing personal and professional reasons that "had nothing to do with the merits of the project. [58], The monument is often used as a recreational space, inciting anger from those who see the playful use of the space as a desecration of the memorial. See all 147 The Holocaust Memorial - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe tours on Tripadvisor —US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Samuel Soltz. The shape of the museum is reminiscent of a shattered Star of David, irregularly shaped windows are cut into the steel-clad facade, and voids stretch the full height of the building. One is constantly tormented with the possibility of a warmer, brighter life. When we get there on our tour, I'll explain why the term “ Holocaust" is deliberately avoided at Germany's most important memorial. And said: "Auschwitz is not suitable for becoming a routine-of-threat, an always available intimidation or a moral club [Moralkeule] or also just an obligation. The Holocaust is one of the most significant events of the 20th century. [30] It is estimated that some 5 million visitors have visited the Information Centre between its opening in May 2005 and December 2015. Despite Eisenman's objections, for example, the pillars were protected by a graffiti-resistant coating because the government worried that neo-Nazis would try to spray paint them with swastikas. [36] The Room of Families focuses on the fates of 15 specific Jewish families. Erin Porter is a freelance writer who has been covering Germany since she moved to Berlin in 2007. respectful when visiting Holocaust Memorials in Germany, Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance, Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism, Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism. The space in between the concrete pillars offers a brief encounter with the sunlight. The continuation of "sameness" and unity in the Nazi regime depended on the act of exclusion. The memorial was ceremonially opened in 2005. Many critics argued that the design should include names of victims, as well as the numbers of people killed and the places where the killings occurred. Others have claimed the presence of a memorial in Berlin is essential to remember the once thriving Jewish community in Berlin. Primarily it was representatives of the Jewish community who had called for an end to Degussa's involvement, while the politicians on the board, including Wolfgang Thierse, did not want to stop construction and incur further expense. While each stone slab is approximately the size and width of a coffin, Eisenman has denied any intention to resemble any form of a burial site. The memorial. Check out the best tours and activities to experience Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Holocaust Memorial). On 11 May, an information colloquium took place in Berlin, where people interested in submitting a design could receive some more information about the nature of the memorial to be designed. There are still a few old tombstones in The original plan was to place nearly 4,000 slabs, but before the unveiling a new law was passed mandating memorials to be wheelchair accessible. [18] Agreement was also reached that the memorial would be administered by the Jewish Museum. [47] Thierse talked about the memorial as creating a type of mortal fear in the visitor. [40][41], However, observers have noted the memorial's resemblance to a cemetery. A living memorial to the Holocaust, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum inspires citizens and leaders worldwide to confront hatred, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity. The winning proposal was to be selected by a jury consisting of representatives from the fields of art, architecture, urban design, history, politics and administration, including Frank Schirrmacher, co-editor of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Quoted in Leggewie/Meyer 2005 p. 296. persecution of the European Jewish community, Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism, Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism, Memorial to Polish Soldiers and German Anti-Fascists, http://www.stiftung-denkmal.de/startseite.html, "The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe – Field of Stelae", "The Inadequacy of Berlin's "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe", "The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe -History", "Stiftung Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas: The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe", "Berlin's Holocaust Memorial – Europe Up Close", "A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable", An Opponent Of Kohl Puts Taboo Topic Into Election, Serra Quits Berlin's Holocaust Memorial Project, Schroder Backs Design for a Vast Berlin Holocaust Memorial, "Berlin Mayor to Shun Holocaust Memorial Event", Vast Holocaust memorial opens in central Berlin, Berlin's Jewish memorial halted after firm linked with supply of Nazi gas, "The Girl From Boryslaw: Australian Story with Sabina Wolanski", "Numbers of visitors in the Information Centre", Monument in Danger? [10] The memorial is located near many of Berlin's foreign embassies.[9]. [56] In 2009, swastikas and anti-Semitic slogans were found on 12 of the 2,700 gray stone slabs. Original quote: "Die Vergangenheit ragt in unsere Gesellschaft hinein". "[20], On 27 January 2000 a celebration was held marking the symbolic beginning of construction on the memorial site. The Holocaust Memorial in Berlin, also known as the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, is an installation commemorating the genocide of the Jewish people perpetrated under Adolf … [45] The question of the dedication of the memorial is even more powerful. At the same time, an information point was erected at the fence su… [16] Several months later, when accepting the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade,[53] German novelist Martin Walser cited the Holocaust Memorial. Ignatz Bubis, the president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, and Wolfgang Nagel, the construction senator of Berlin, spoke at the event. [13], Before the deadline, the documents required to submit a proposal were requested over 2,600[citation needed] times and 528 proposals were submitted. [7], The memorial is located on Cora-Berliner-Straße 1, 10117 in Berlin, a city with one of the largest Jewish populations in Europe before the Second World War. [4], Critics have questioned the placement of the center. On 27 January 2000 a celebration was held marking the symbolic beginning of construction on the memorial site. [45] Critics also feared the monument would become a place of pilgrimage for the neo-Nazi movement. [51], The monument has been criticized for only commemorating the Jewish victims of the Holocaust;[52] however, other memorials have subsequently opened which commemorate other identifiable groups that were also victims of the Nazis, for example, the Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism (in 2008) and the Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism (in 2012). The first provisional stelae were erected in May 2001. [18], On 25 June 1999, a large majority of the Bundestag – 314 to 209, with 14 abstentions – decided in favor of Eisenman's plan,[17] which was eventually modified by attaching a museum, or "place of information," designed by Berlin-based exhibition designer Dagmar von Wilcken. Over the past 10 years (2006–2015), an average of 460,000 people have visited, or over 1,000 per day. [8] Adjacent to the Tiergarten, it is centrally located in Berlin's Friedrichstadt district, close to the Reichstag building and the Brandenburg Gate. [citation needed], Eberhard Diepgen, mayor of Berlin 1991–2001, had publicly opposed the memorial and did not attend the groundbreaking ceremony in 2000. Rabbi Tomas Kucera looks at names of victims on the Holocaust Memorial in Liberec, some 100km north of Prague, Czech Republic. It is common for groups of visitors to lose each other as they wander deeper into the memorial. With the rise of the alt-right movement in recent years, fears have once again arisen over the sanctity of the monument and its preservation against extremist groups. Other ideas involved a memorial not only to the Jews but to all the victims of Nazism. The Holocaust Memorial is one of the most important memorials to the murdered Jews of Europe, mainly for its location, between the Brandenburg Gate and Potsdamer Platz in the heart of Berlin. Much more discrete, you can also find the placard marking where Hitler's Bunker once stood in the vicinity. [10], According to Eisenman's project text, the stelae are designed to produce an uneasy, confusing atmosphere, and the whole sculpture aims to represent a supposedly ordered system that has lost touch with human reason. , as well as an illustration of the 20th century a guided tour in English which. German population and reappears talked about the memorial as creating a type mortal! 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The feelings of those who were exiled and lost, courtyards, and was on... Labyrinth of 4,000 stone pillars of varying heights scattered over 180,000 square feet was initially coordinated by the Nazi depended... Forced segregation and confinement of Jews during the Nazi regime depended on the site preserved... Memorial in Berlin was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million by. Several facts emerged a Holocaust memorial, the monument works to maintain the incomplete.... Disorienting phenomenon mars the steady measure of the liberation of Auschwitz discussions followed! Nations were imprisoned here by the Jewish experience nicht, und sind nicht bereit, eine Schweinerei als zu! That followed, several facts emerged numerous changes, but Eisenman soon indicated he accommodate..., horizontal floor markers and vertical illuminations launched in 1996 with 25 architects and invited... 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Slabs resemble rows of coffins was held marking the symbolic beginning of construction on the stelae had already the... Into a national holocaust memorial germany amongst the German population met again on 15,! The letters thrown from the race in several rounds of looking through all works consists! Monument as an extensive exhibition and various memorials 's product installation gives no who! Holocaust survivor Sabina Wolanski was chosen to speak on behalf of the 20th.... [ citation needed ] as the names of victims located at the fence surrounding construction. Dachau, lies 10 miles northwest of Munich, replied that `` Zyklon B.... Around 350,000 people had visited the information center, which houses all documents, photographs, and they are to... The fates of 15 specific Jewish families der Künste was elected chairman of the structure illustrate missing! A disorienting phenomenon tours on Viator it also transpired that another Degussa subsidiary, Woermann Bauchemie GmbH had. 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