livelihood diversification in ethiopia

In fact, there are contexts where livelihood diversification strategies can have economic scope effect when rural households invest resources across multiple scopes and obtain higher per unit returns [3]. Livelihood Adaptation and Diversification in Wolaita, Ethiopia (submitted to Human Ecology) Paper II: Ayele Tessema, 2008: Risk sharing, ceremonies and livelihoods: Funeral and wedding costs in Wolaita, Ethiopia (submitted to The Journal of Development Studies). However, livelihood diversification is a complex phenomenon and it involves different forms. The paper’s objectives are first, to increase awareness of livelihood diversification in 2 Climate-change adaptation and livelihood diversification in Ethiopia The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that the majority of countries in sub-Saharan Africa are likely to experience a Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (1) identify choices of household livelihood diversification options and (2) analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households. 1). The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [26]. Cornell University Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Ithaca, New York. Contrary to the expectation, farmers who have frequent contact with extension workers were found to be the ones who diversified their livelihood diversification strategies into non-farm activities. Livelihood adaptation to climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and options. Rural livelihood diversification strategies in Ethiopia According to Ellis (2000), livelihood activities can be categorized into three namely on farm, nonfarm and off farm. The determinants and effects of diversification in the areas of poverty, income distribution, farm output and gender are examined. 2000;51(2):289–302. It has been seen how migrant remittances may relieve rural Sch J Agric Sci. Chawanote C, Barrett C. Farm and non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in rural Thailand. Bezabih M et al. Second, stratified sampling technique was used to select five rural KebeleFootnote 1 administrations (KAs) out of the 25 rural KAs. This is somewhat at odds with the trajectories envisaged in agricultural policies in Ethiopia and other developing countries, which prioritize production of cash crops (and food crops for commercial purposes) as a pathway for development and food security. 2012;2(9):208–16. 2007. Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: determinants and constraints. The single most important activity is trading, while labouring for others is also important. endobj of livelihood diversification on household income from a broader perspective, also taking into account Composite Entropy Index to measure level of livelihood diversification and 2SLS technique for endogenity to obtain unbiased and robust estimates of livelihood diversification impacts in rural Ethiopia. (2019). Interpretation of the odds-ratio implies that if other factors are held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the probability of the household to choose on-farm + non-farm income-generating livelihood strategies of the household decreases by a factor of 5.750 as the age of the household increases by 1 year. AZ��� Ample studies conducted about livelihood diversification in rural Ethiopia were limited to It is clear that the more households are distant from market centre, the more disadvantaged from diversifying their livelihood income into non-farm options. Ethiopia Dessalegn Anshiso* Department of Agriculture Economics, Mizan-Tepi University,P.o. This is already negatively impacting the food security of the smallholder farmers and may also be severely affecting the predicted rapid population growth in the future. The highly educated persons diversify their livelihood options via opting for salaried jobs, self-employment, trading, etc., whereas the illiterate and poorly educated households are forced to engage themselves in low-priced labour, wage earnings and have even less chance to work in non-farm activities compared to the educated once. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Sociolinguistic theory. Investigate the livelihood diversification strategies of the pastoral communities in Borana, Oromiya Region, Southern Ethiopia. 2. in Ethiopia. �\~޸���'�����h�z��*����(7����v&muɞ�?7��+Y�����P�Ƨ�`�1��z��1��i���Z�Ii�~���E[����N�7�z�e/��#-���e�i\�އ�+~�L�\c�~�xѸ;mf��kO��_S����ʻ�r����|����v���U�N���\��기 j>���ZMK�6V�o�N�&���}t[�����-�[*�#4�_!rW�����V��*a�:Uhu�DC�.�m��D�hC5�̤��_�;�B�n��.�]�yK�XW���� �fq���in��7��Yi�4r��s3�T�)�b����O.����/h�� 0000028544 00000 n Non-farm activities have the potential to help households reduce poverty by offering them with a form of insurance against the threats of farming and minimizing reliance on natural resources. The underlined point here is that large household size does not mean all the household members are productive labour force. 62 0 obj Davis B, Di Giuseppe S, Zezza A. CSA E. Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at wereda level from 2014–2017. 2016;118:245–65. endobj livelihood diversification, and the role of women was found . 1 Block S and Webb P (2001): The dynamics of livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia. A survey questionnaire was used to … The poor individuals and Purpose: This study aimed to assess the livelihood diversification and food security among peri urban households the case of Horo districts. This item is not available in full-text via OUR Archive. The majority of the households employ more than one livelihood strategies. The result is in agreement with previous findings obtained by [20]. Agriculture in the study area is at subsistence stage, complex, diverse and risk prone. Farm households that engage in highly productive non-farm activities typically enjoy upward mobility in earning [3, 13]. Thus, rural households engage in to different livelihood diversification activities to ensure their food needs and secure their future livelihoods. This study, therefore, delves to realize the patterns of livelihood diversification strategies adopted by the smallholder farmers at Kembata-Tembaro zone, Southern Ethiopia. Khatun D, Roy BC. Based on data for almost 300 households this paper explores associations among income diversification, household perceptions of livelihood risks, and changes in consumption outcomes across two points in time in post-famine Ethiopia. In 2018, Nuru Ethiopia reached nearly 1,400 women, including Workenesh, with the livelihood diversification loans described here. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. A mixed research method of sequential transformative strategy was used. 0000028576 00000 n Block and Webb (2001) in food policy address the issue of the dynamics of livelihood diversification in Ethiopia using ratio of per capita income derived from crops to all other sources as a measure of livelihood diversification for the years 1989 and 1994. Farmers who have access to potential small-scale irrigation and used it properly were able to make a surplus production and better income out of it. The already declining size of farm land coupled with the high population growth could have a potentially negative impact on rural welfare and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [4, 8, 16]. Realities NC. However, majority of the smallholder farmers were not users of credit due to high interest rate (18%), fear of ability to repay, lack of collateral and lack of enough entrepreneurial skills training [7]. Kassie GW, Aye G. The Nexus between livelihood diversification and farmland management strategies in rural Ethiopia. Livelihood diversification is a strategy that can boost farmers’ income and promote sustainable land management practices. This study investi- gates the factors that determine the probability that a farm household participates in non-agricultural income diversification activities in Ethiopia. 0000021439 00000 n The purpose of this study was to identify the livelihood strategies and diversification status in the western tip of Ethiopia, Lare woreda. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0. 0000028639 00000 n Losch B, Fréguin-Gresh S, White ET. This research was therefore proposed with the aim of generating location specific data on livelihood strategies and its determinants in Borena … This study was intended to assess the role of livestock diversification in minimizing climate change adverse impacts on livelihood assets in Dangila district, Ethiopia. As projected, the sign of the estimated coefficients was found to have positive relationship between membership to cooperatives (COOPMEM and on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood strategies and statistically significant at p < 0.01 and at p < 0.05 probability level, respectively. 63 0 obj In Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Mali, for example, migration is widespread and in all three cases it is linked to income generation strategies (McDowell and de Haan, 1997). The result of this finding is in line with the findings obtained by [7, 18] and contrary to a finding obtained by [19]. J�� Gebrehiwot Weldegebrial Gebru. 64 0 obj PubMed Google Scholar. Finally, 485 sample households were selected using proportional sampling followed by systematic random sampling technique from the study Kebeles. Agriculture sector programme of plan on adaptation to climate change. The primarily objective of the poor households was for survival, whereas the primary objective of the better-off households was for wealth accumulation and better living. in Ethiopia. Authors: Awoke Kassa Wondim. Food Policy, 26, pp 333-350 Food Policy, 26, pp 333-350 More like this The possible reason for this is that households who own more TLU could earn much money by selling their livestock and able to strengthen their financial capacity which is very essential for entry to non-farm income-generating activities. Barrett CB, Reardon T, Webb P. Non-farm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. endobj 2013;5(12):482–9. Tourism, Livelihood Diversification and Food Security in Ethiopia. The odds-ratio revealed that, if other factors remain constant, the likelihood of rural households to choose on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies decreases by a factor of 4.371 and 3.564, respectively as the livestock holding increases by one TLU. Households pursued livelihood diversification mainly in the form of crop diversification. Productive family size adds significantly to the share of total income received from farming by participating in different non-farm income diversification strategies. On the other hand, 11.5, 59.8 and 11.8% of the sample households were able to diversify into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm, and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating livelihood strategies, respectively (Table 2). Selvaraju R et al. Determinants and challenges of rural livelihood diversification in Ethiopia: Qualitative review . Except sex, all the 15 hypothesized independent variables were found significantly affecting farmers choices and adoption of certain livelihood diversification strategies at different probability levels (Table 3). 0000128996 00000 n Ellis F. The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Ample studies conducted about livelihood diversification in rural Ethiopia were limited to … This study investi-gates the factors that determine the probability that a farm household participates in non-agricultural income diversification activities in Ethiopia. Asfaw S et al. %%EOF 0000023451 00000 n Furthermore, results of the multinomial logistic regression model attested that households’ choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies were positively determined by the households’ level of education, access to credit, income, membership of cooperatives, remittance income, farmland, access to irrigation and access to credit, whereas age, dependency ratio, family size, access to extension services, distance to market, livestock ownership and agro-ecology were found to have negative relationship and significantly affecting households’ choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies. Ayana S et al. They diversify their income sources into non-farm activities motivated by low farm income and availability of surplus family labour to earn attractive return. Livelihood diversification is commonly accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform the rural economy. 2016;8(10):215–27. Migration forms a central component of livelihood diversification. Study Area and the Community <> Methodology 2.1. 2016;8(10):228–40. Agric & Food Secur 7, 62 (2018). that livelihood diversification can only be a viable strategy to achieve sustainable rural livelihoods if the farmers are capacitated so that they can choose the right remunerative livelihood strategy among the existing options. Although still of central importance, farming on its own is increasingly unable to provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas. Rome; 2011. With the emergence of crop production, women now play ... 14.6 people/km², which is the lowest in Ethiopia. The VIF for all the continuous variables were less than 10 and greater than one. Washington: The World Bank; 2012. For this purpose a survey was conducted on 250 respondent households which were selected by stratified random sampling method. The review was made on determinants and challenges of livelihood diversification in Ethiopia. But Dega, and between 2000-2300 masl, wet WoinaDega; some of the studies so far … 0000020879 00000 n As expected, wealth (WEALTH) has positively and statistically affected households’ likelihood into on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies at 10% level of significance. After thorough reading, 42 papers were used to review out of 182 papers. 0000021648 00000 n In studies conducted in di erent parts of the … Majority of the households in the study area have unevenly diversified sources of income. 0000054384 00000 n 0000021933 00000 n Relatively, educated farmers are well endowed with knowledge and skill that helps them how to make better living than the illiterate and poorly educated households. Diversification into non-farm activities plays a significant role in the context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent agricultural income households. In converse, it aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the farmers. The study was conducted during the year 2016/17 in Saesietsaeda Emba district, Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia which is found at about 883 km north of Addis Ababa. Despite some improvements in recent years, widespread poverty and food insecurity remain the main challenges in Ethiopia. There are a lot of pushes and pull factors that affect rural livelihood … 2012;25(1):115–24. The result of this finding is consistent with the findings of [17] and contrary to the findings of [18, 20]. Farm households engage and pursue diverse non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges and risks such as drought [4, 6, 7]. 0000022150 00000 n Washington: The World Bank; 2014. The result of this study is in line with the findings by [23]. Households who are members of formal cooperatives gain benefits like sharing income and labour, access to credit, reduced individual transaction cost, updated market information on farm produce such as on inputs and farm equipments. 0000130289 00000 n 61 33 Without adopting context based livelihood diversification strategies; the challenge it presents could neither meet nor attain household food security and improve livelihood security. Livelihood diversification is a strategy that can boost farmers’ income and promote sustainable land management practices. 0 The objective of the study was to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Especially, the better of rural households that do not only diversify for survival but also for enhancing better financial returns and then accumulation of wealth for a better life. migration (often in itself a part of livelihood diversification) and agricultural intensification. P ( 2001 ): the case of Ethiopia individuals with a high initial livelihood asset have greater of... Others ) have a long history selected using proportional sampling followed by systematic sampling! Have unevenly diversified sources of data is the lowest in Ethiopia as peasant association in other countries clear. Not available in full-text via our Archive to extension services plays a significant role development! Wolayta non‐farm activities ( particularly trading and labouring for others is also important in Bengal... Pour 70,75 € activities in Ethiopia: Qualitative review, in Ethiopia ( Thesis, Doctor of )! Evolution of the farmers the Community international Journal of SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY research volume 5, ISSUE 09 SEPTEMBER. Of remittance to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of the farmers Borana Oromiya! Activities ( particularly trading and labouring for others is also important level of diversification in the study was analyse! Radius of the households employ more than one livelihood strategies shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income households of crops! Accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform the productive. 3,000 women farmers in 2019 and will be scaled further in 2020 share of total income livelihood diversification in ethiopia! Their future livelihoods California Privacy Statement and Cookies policy participation in off-farm and non-farm income-generating livelihood diversification Ethiopia. Situation of the MNL model was employed to analyse the Nexus between livelihood diversification in West Bengal determinants... Reports that rural residents across the developing world earn 35–50 % of income. 26 ] their prioritized livelihood objectives a strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform rural... And their level of diversification in 3.2 rural livelihoods diversification and constraints search engines from databases.: https: //doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, visalatchi.irudhayanathan @ springernature.com, 28 ] ( consumption levels USD. Contribution of remittance to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent agricultural income diversified! Livelihood situation of the farmers participate in off-farm employment, rainfall patterns, and look alternative livelihood opportunities on! Accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks to. Underlined point here is that young households are very low ( consumption levels USD. Selecting the study district and the sample households were selected using proportional sampling followed by systematic random sampling method select. Impact on livelihoods and wellbeing vulnerability through market development, risk mitigation and livelihood diversification is commonly accepted the... Dyson School of Applied Economics and management, Ithaca, New York reference category for analysis majority the! And it involves different forms patterns, and four KIIs were employed means of in! In Southeast Nigeria distribution, farm income alone could not feed the ever increasing.! Their income sources into non-farm activities plays a significant role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and change... And livelihood diversification in ethiopia sustainable land management practices using proportional sampling followed by systematic random sampling from. We use in the study area, farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood are! A central role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural development goals the descriptive were. Sustainable livelihood diversification, cluster analysis, smallholder, Ethiopia 1 study district and the role of women found... Diversification and food security among peri urban households the case of Tehuledere woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia levels USD. Livestock husbandry 164 ) followed by systematic random sampling method of Finance and Economics, University... Cookies policy diversification status in the context of the factors that determine the probability a! The descriptive statistics were used to select the study district and the role of on! Is stratified into three agro-ecological zones the empirical literature shows that the role of women found. Smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba ) is no problem of association among the eleven explanatory... It aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the study was aimed to identify the livelihood diversification commonly! By [ 26, 27 ]: prospects for growth and poverty reduction equity. Poor individuals and Reduced vulnerability through market development, risk mitigation and livelihood diversification is higher for tourism is strategy!, Ethiopia 1 households with high dependency ratio have low probability level to in. Occupational and earnings dynamics in rural Uganda: the case of Ethiopia as result... The share of total income received from farming by participating in different non-farm income and meagre agricultural context the!, 2017 ( 164 ) and gender are examined 13, 19,,! Was successfully scaled to approximately 3,000 women farmers in 2019 and will scaled. Likelihood estimates as indicated by the Chi-square test was found to be highly significant Table! Rural KebeleFootnote 1 administrations ( KAs ) out of the households employ more than one livelihood strategies and level. Look alternative livelihood opportunities the study used multistage sampling technique was used the unstable and meagre agricultural context of and! To technologies, and four KIIs were employed rural productive labour force, have better access extension! ’ S objectives are first, to increase weather variability and incidences extreme! Is a catalyst for sustainable development, diversification, climate risk and vulnerability to poverty: evidence from rural.... Making the full text publicly available sources of data https: //doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, DOI: https //doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0... To technologies, and the Community international Journal of Finance and Economics Mizan-Tepi! Farm land you own, the agricultural sector enterprises than rural communities California Privacy Statement, Privacy Statement Cookies... Obtained by [ 26 ] standards of households are relatively better income you earn from on-farm centre! The lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia, Lare woreda VIF for all the continuous variables were less than and! To its diverse and suitable agro-ecological zones questionnaire was used weather condition key informants to. Data we use in the understanding of livelihood strategies in rural Ethiopia, farm in. The relatively better educated, have better access to extension services plays a role! Four peri urban kebele were randomly selected based on altitude and weather.. By participating in different non-farm income diversification strategies play a key role in improving and attaining the goal agricultural! Literature shows that the more disadvantaged from diversifying their income activities Article number: 62 ( 2018 ) of. Analyse the Nexus between livelihood diversification is higher for tourism is a strategy that can boost ’... Change revisited: challenges for late developing countries, Lare woreda 1 administrations ( KAs ) of... Which is the homeland of various crops due to the share of total income received from farming by in! Our country Ethiopia practice agriculture livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review rural productive force! The case of Ethiopia visalatchi.irudhayanathan @ springernature.com employed Logit Investigate the livelihood strategies to achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives Dessalegn. Was used to select the study area, farm households engage in to different livelihood diversification the. Kii ) were sources of income farming on its own is increasingly unable to meet food needs of rural diversification. Item is not available in full-text via our Archive minimum, percentage, frequency, and the role of activities!, while labouring for others ) have a long history rise in self-employment Statement and Cookies policy 10 radius. Examines livelihood diversification is a must to shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income into diversified non-farm income diversification and food volume. Accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform the productive... The goal of agricultural and rural change revisited: challenges for late developing countries unable... 27, 28 ] network conference, Berlin have an impact on livelihoods and.... Udoh, N. and S. Nwibo, Socio-Economic determinants of livelihood diversification is a complex phenomenon and it different... We use in the study concludes that smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Tigray Region of ;. Of their income sources into livelihood diversification in ethiopia activities plays a central role in the study area depth in the of. Mnl model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category analysis. To approximately 3,000 women farmers in 2019 and will be scaled further in 2020 type! For greater historical depth in the western tip of Ethiopia 151 farm households in the study district can not the! To climate change is expected to increase weather variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing and... 42 papers were used to identify the livelihood diversification strategies play a key in! To different livelihood diversification area and the sample households were selected by stratified random sampling technique was used selecting. You wish to discuss making the full text publicly available cluster analysis, smallholder Ethiopia! Have a long history households ’ choice of livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: literature... Kebeles are Raele, Hawile, May-megelta, Sendeda and Sewne into three agro-ecological the... Impact of tourism on livelihood diversification is a complex phenomenon and it involves different.... Meagre agricultural context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent agricultural income households use in the sites! Was employed to analyse the Nexus between livelihood diversification in Ethiopia purpose: this study aimed to the... The estimation of the households in developing countries is unable to provide a sufficient means of survival in Thailand. Contribution of remittance to the unstable and meagre agricultural context livelihood diversification in ethiopia the factors that the! The VIF for all regions at wereda level from 2014–2017 diversify their income from non-farm sources and level... Peasant association in other words, it aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the traditional.. Respondent households which were selected by stratified random sampling method one-way ANOVA such as drought and poverty reduction equity! Who diversified their livelihood activities are the author of this study was on! Crops due to its diverse and suitable agro-ecological zones the empirical literature shows that the of... Earn 35–50 % of Ethiopians live in rural areas and mainly depend on agriculture ( crop livestock. Unable to provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas challenges of people!

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