livelihood strategies definition

At some point in live, the older persons are disengage from their long life activities and thus, they are deprived of some basic things. livelihoods and livelihood enhancement and diversification as tools for rural development and poverty reduction. For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. They can also influence livelihood strategies in a slightly less direct way, when people, anticipating the potential impact of trends and shocks, design their livelihood strategies in a way that helps them manage their exposure to sudden or gradual change and cope better with the potentially harmful effects of such change. This was significantly more than households who resettled elsewhere (24% and 10% respectively), and households that were displaced at the time of the survey (19% and 29% respectively). The proportion was highest in Lanao del Norte (20%) and Sultan Kudarat (16%), compared to 6 percent in Maguindanao.The proportion of households receiving remittances was highest among households with an ‘alternative livelihood’ strategy (49%), compared to 12 percent or less among the other livelihood profiles. However, compared to the rest of the population, households who were displaced at the time of the survey were more likely to engage in the exploitation of natural resources as a livelihood strategy, and, to a lesser extent, trading. The alternative livelihood group clustershouseholds that rely on remittances (31%) and a range of less frequent activities (24%) to support their livelihood. It should be fairly clear that all of the listed items can affect an individual's access to assets, although precisely how will obviously depend upon the situation being examined. Finally, livelihood strategies frequently vary between individuals and households depending on differences in asset ownership, income levels, gender, age, caste, and social or political status. Their mean income, at 5,800 PhP/month is below average (6,500 PhP/month). LIVELIHOODS STRATEGIES POTENTIAL LIVELIHOOD INTERVENTIONS LIVELIHOOD OBJECTIVES LIVELIHOOD PHASE Income Stabilization. As outlined in the previous table, the average cash income is lowest among day laborers (4,750 PhP/month), fishers (4,800 PhP/month), and farmers (5,150 PhP/month). In Cotabato City, few households engaged in agriculture (2% compared to 45% or more elsewhere), but a larger than average proportion of households engaged in trade, transport, and skilled labor (27% compared to 12% or less elsewhere). They are also something people invest in so as to increase future flows of income/consumption. Skilled workers account for 11% of the population and are most frequent in the urban area such as Cotabato City, where they account for 24% of the households. A majority of hou… Other differences included the higher frequency of fishers in Maguindanao (20% compared to 7% or less elsewhere), and a higher proportion of day laborers in Sultan Kudarat (23% compared to 12% or less elsewhere.). They may allow people to make claims on other people's obligations to support them, and can help in the development of informal safety nets amongst the poor. A framework is a ‘particular way of viewing the world’.1The livelihoods framework is a way of understanding how households derive their liveli- hoods by drawing on capabilities and assets to develop livelihood strategies composed of a range of activities. Finally, it is worth noting that participation is central to the livelihoods approach. They represent, respectively, gradual and sudden change (have another look at the diagram above to see what these are). Better access to assets is a desirable outcome of any livelihood strategy. This group relies on transport as a mean to support its livelihood (average 70% contribution). Livelihood strategies aim at developing self-reliance. They account for 14% of the total surveyed population. They have an average income, of 5,400 PhP/month. Strategies may include subsistence production or production for the market, participation in labour markets or labouring in the home. Among all groups, farming is the most common activity. ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS WORKING GLOSSARY off-farmagricultural market system employment livelihood alternative livelihoods entrepreneurship youth self-employment livelihood diversification employability job creation on-farm job creation non-farm resilience The USAID Office of Food for Peace (FFP) 2016 – 2025 Food Assistance and Food Security Strategy reaffirms a “commitment to … It is worth bearing in mind, however, that some of the trends listed here do offer opportunities as well as acting as a potential threat (eg technological change, national and world economic trends). Fisher are found throughout the region (7% of the population), but were most frequent in Maguindanao (20%). The natural resource exploiters group clustershouseholds that rely directly on the exploitation of natural resources to sustain their livelihood, including the sale and preparation of charcoal (38%), agriculture (22%), and livestock (17%). Although the number of households concerned is too limited to provide a definitive answer, the results further suggests that displaced households mainly received remittances from Manila (67%), while the majority of the beneficiaries among the other groups received remittances from abroad (50% or more). Can you think of some examples of such trade-offs? These trends and shocks are sometimes known in livelihoods analysis as the vulnerability context, suggesting that the changes thus represented have potentially harmful effects. In conventional economics such assets are usually known as factors of production and are typically subdivided into land (natural capital), labour (human capital) and capital (physical and financial capital). 8-9) or 'policies, institutions and processes' (a more recent classification). This analysis focuses on the combination of activities undertaken. Livelihood strategies denote the range and combination of activities and choices (including on production and investment) made by households in order to sustain themselves and contribute to the economic capital of the household. Such investments may help to build trust and facilitate co-operation. A person's livelihood refers to their "means of securing the basic necessities of life". Households who depend almost exclusively on agriculture (87%) to support their livelihood. Over half the households who identified themselves as having returned home after displacement were farmers (51%). Poor people usually employ a mix of different 'strategies', especially when resources are to some extent pooled. productive activities, investment strategies, reproductive choices). Over 40% of the households that had returned home had benefited from assistance from their relatives and family (42%) and other sources (43%) while displaced. 2.2.1 A framework for micro policy analysis of rural livelihoods. UNHCR and the ILO in partnership have carried out An individual may take on several activities to meet his/her needs. Rather this consists in maintaining over time a diversified portfolio of activities and in adjusting it according to contingencies in order to maximize return, spread risk, or achieve other household goals (see below). The livelihoods framework offers a conceptualisation that can help outsiders work together with the poor to identify the priorities of the poor and associated opportunities and constraints. They are found throughout the study area and represent 5% of the population. Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing. An individual may take on several activities to meet his/her needs. community level strategies and objectives that are pursued alongside, or in lieu of, traditional agricultural activities to diversify income streams and reduce risk. Older persons are known for wisdom because they have experienced more days or years on earth more than others. To prevent repeated displacement, we support engagement in social and economic opportunities that reinforce the adaptive capacity of systems, individuals, families and communities affected by displacement. In this unit, we adopt the classification used by Ellis (2000), which is based on the following. In the framework presented here, the outcomes of livelihood strategies are divided between the effects on livelihood security and the effects on environmental sustainability. Day laborers (14%) and skilled workers (11%) were the second and third most frequent group. In the livelihoods framework, assets are conventionally divided into the following. They have the second highest proportion of households engaging in only one activity (52%), and the third lowest estimated monthly income (5,150 PhP/month). All livelihood strategies depend upon access to assets of some kind or other, whether such access involves private ownership or other forms of access. The livelihoods framework is a way of looking at the complexity of people's livelihoods, especially the livelihoods of the poor, whether they be rural or urban. People develop these social resources by investing time, effort and other resources in. Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and to improve their standards of living. Since the emergence of the sustainable livelihoods definition proposed by Chambers and Conway (1992), sustainable livelihoods definitions and frameworks have proliferated (e.g., Hoon, Singh illustrates diversification as a rural livelihood strategy. By keeping the capability to operate Social capital relates to the formal and informal social resources that people draw upon in pursuit of their livelihoods. In a recent paper, Ellis (1997) defines livelihood diversification as `the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and in order to improve their standards of living’ Ellis (1997, p5), pointing out, rightly, that livelihood diversification is not necessarily synonymous with income diversification. Income level is obviously important to people, but to poor people income stability and risk avoidance may be as important, if not more so. How effective an individual asset is in providing security will depend upon various factors, such as the functioning of markets, social relations, and others. They represent 7% of the population and are present throughout the study area. Exposure to change can have a direct influence on livelihoods by weakening them, strengthening them, or forcing a new direction. Agric. Traders are the most specialized and least diversified group in terms of activities, with 59% of them engaging in only one activity. Note also that, whilst improved access to livelihood assets and the outcome of greater livelihood security (especially higher incomes, more stable incomes, and reduced risk) are usually important objectives in rural livelihood strategies, environmental sustainability may or may not be an objective. Seasonality refers to the fact that many rural livelihood strategies (especially in agriculture) result in seasonal fluctuations in income. The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. For this group, remittances contributed an average of 33 percent of the total livelihood activities. 3.2 DEFINITION OF THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ... (CSC) to enhance livelihood strategies for poor women in urban areas. A livelihood strategy is an organized set of life-style choices, goals and values, and activities influenced by biophysical, political/legal, econo- mic, social, cultural, and psychological compo-nents. These researchers grouped livelihood strategies into three categories, namely farming activities, non-farming activities and agriculture, while Alemu grouped livelihood strategies into four categories, namely non-labour, agriculture, off farming and non-farming. That is why in the livelihoods framework the latter is usually labelled along with livelihood security as an outcome variable rather than as an objective. Farmers alone accounted for 39 percent of the population. Among the overall study population, 8 percent of the households said that they relied on remittances as one of their main sources of livelihood. It is possible that the production of charcoal is one of the few livelihood strategies available to them in the absence of external assistance. There is a need to expound on the literature about these dimensions and assess how they impact on livelihood strategies and outcomes. Disaggregated by settlement status, 3 percent of the displaced households received at least some remittances compared to 10 percent among those returned home, and 14 percent among those resettled elsewhere and those never displaced. In addition to differences in livelihood activities, income, and wealth, livelihood groups were found to have statistically significant differences (p<0.05) with regards to several variables typically considered to be vulnerability or poverty indicators. However, some reported engaging in agriculture (29%), day labor (16%), and trading activities (15%). Trade contributes to an estimated 89% of their livelihood, and their average income is 6,700 PhP/month, just above average. Households in the survey were asked to name up to three livelihood activities, by order of importance. A relatively unified 'household' will obviously be able to employ a wider range of strategies than an individual acting alone. These factors influence not only what can be achieved with assets, but the access people have to them in the first place. The objective of those wishing to promote sustainable livelihoods is to minimise trade-offs of the sort discussed above and to maximise complementarities. Diversifying livelihood strategies at current time become a standard phenomenon within the study area. Livelihood Strategies and Household Analysis of the Study Area The total sample is analyzed which is the main research objective and a comparison can be made between the total sample and the different categories of villages. This category of influences comes under a variety of different headings. A “livelihood” refers to the capabilities, This study is tasked with presenting findings related to both non- and less climate-dependent livelihood strategies. For example, better access to environmental capital may improve access to financial capital and physical capital; and greater income stability and lower risk may lead to higher aggregate income in the long term by reducing the probability of having to sell off productive assets in times of crisis, or by enhancing the returns to individual assets. One can examine strategies from the perspective of an individual or from the perspective of a household, although, as we shall see later, there are problems with treating the 'household' as a unified decision-making unit pursuing a joint strategy with common goals. They rely on a range of activities with most households engaging in two (62%) or three (19%) activities. Figure 28: Economic activities undertaken while displaced. Livelihood Key Programme Indicators List 2 A total of twenty-two (22) Key Livelihood Programme Indicators have been identified. Households in the richest wealth quintile were more likely to receive remittances from abroad (75%) compared to the other households. UNHCR’s Global Strategy for Livelihoods 2014–2018 has contributed to transform-ing the way the organization is working through the introduction of professionalized, data-driven, market-oriented approaches that strengthen linkages with the private sector and development actors. They have on average the highest monthly income, at 13,750 PhP/month. Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over one's life span. This document presents a conceptual framework for integrating sustainable, ... adopts the definition proposed by … The distribution of livelihood profiles among households who resettled elsewhere closely resembles that of households who were never displaced. The social, physical, financial, natural, and human dimensions within slaughterhouses have taken a central position in diversifying livelihoods among pastoralists in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) in Kenya. Study the diagram and see whether you can see possible relationships between the different variables listed in columns A to F. In discussing this we start at the centre, columns D and E, then move to the right (column F) before coming back to columns A to C. The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. Table 5: Factors associated with livelihood groups. As with any abstract model, the livelihoods framework is not entirely free of ambiguity, especially in relation to what is put in the various 'boxes' and the relationship the boxes have with each other. They can increase access to information and reduce transactions costs. The ultimate objective of these investment strategies is to improve long-term livelihood security and the quality of life of more generally. Also bear in mind that income in the livelihood security box does not just refer to monetary income but also to incomes in kind, such as the food produced by smallholder farmers for home consumption. This is consistent with the finding that natural resources exploiters were more common among currently displaced households compared to the rest of the population. Use of the term capital implies that it can serve productive ends. The carrying capacity of pure pastoralist livelihood strategies only to attain food and livelihood security is extremely declining from time to time. In a majority of cases, remittances came from abroad (60%), and, to a lesser extent, from Manila (21%). (Table I). A socially differentiated analytical approach to livelihood strategies is thus necessary (ibid., page 11). ABSTRACT. Livelihood strategies are the range and combination of activities and choices that people normally make or undertake in stable and peaceful times in order to achieve their livelihood goals (e.g. Farmers, fishers, and those dependent on the exploitation of natural resources were generally characterized by poor income and asset ownership,low education of the household head, high dependency ratio and crowding factor, and poor access to services. Strategies may include subsistence production or production for the market, participation in labour marketsor l… Livelihood assets that encompass human, physical, social, natural, and financial assets are considered as dependent variables, while household livelihood strategies are independent variables. An important influence on livelihood strategies is exposure to various trends and shocks. One definition is presented in 2.2.2. Livelihood strategies denote the range and combination of activities and choices (including on production and investment) made by households in order to sustain themselves and contribute to the economic capital of the household. There are two main coping indicators used in the food security analysis: The Reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI) and the Livelihood Coping Strategy … Whilst rural people may seek improvements across a wide range of livelihood outcomes the need to prioritise may force them to make undesirable trade-offs between them, at least in the short term. In 2.2.1 you will find one adapted from Ellis (2000). Inversely, households that had then returned home had,while they were displaced, relied less frequently on activities such as day labor or trade compared to other groups. Contemporary livelihood strategies in many African cities involve participation in multiple economic activities, usually in both the formal and informal sectors. Again, have a look at the diagram that we introduced earlier, to see what is listed under these different headings. membership of formal groups or organisations, informal social interactions in and outside the workplace, relationships of reciprocity, including gift exchange and mutual assistance. Econ. They have on average the lowest monthly income (4,750 PhP/month). The range and diversity of livelihood strategies are enormous. This followed by trade (25%), day labor (19%), and transportation (13%). Livelihood assets are something from which people derive a flow of income or consumption. Poor urban people often also depend upon multiple diverse livelihood activities involving different employment (labouring) and self employment activities. The following table presents a brief description of the characteristics of eachof the eight groups, such as the average monthly income and the proportion of households in the two poorest wealth quintiles. Figure 27: Distribution of livelihood profiles by settlement status. Shocks, such as those associated with the triple-f crisis (see Section 1.3) can wipe out assets very suddenly if they are not protected and adverse trends can result in them being gradually eroded if livelihoods are unable to adapt to change. 2019 - 2023 Global Strategy Concept Note: Refugee Livelihoods and Economic Inclusion; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and UNHCR: A 10-point multi-stakeholder action plan for employers, refugees, governments and civil society; Comprehensive list of UNHCR decentralised evaluations on livelihood strategies and approaches We promote livelihood strategies that protect, recover and strengthen individuals' and households' abilities to earn a living. Most frequently, they reported relying during that experience on assistance from family and relatives (36%) or other sources (36%). Nevertheless, what the framework does offer is a way of conceptualising in a simplified way the complexity of rural livelihoods, and the different variables that shape activities, objectives, and outcomes. There are various ways of conceptualising the components of a livelihood and the influences upon it, and you may encounter various slightly different diagrammatic representations of these variables and their interconnections. These fluctuations are often dramatic and can profoundly affect livelihood security (Devereux et al 2011) People's livelihood strategies are designed, where possible, to reduce seasonal income fluctuations and the associated vulnerability. It seeks to understand the various dimensions of a person's livelihood; the strategies and objectives pursued, and associated opportunities and constraints. Livelihood strategies: How people access and use these assets, within the aforementioned social, economic, political and environmental contexts, form a livelihood strategy. We shall look more at these ideas in Section 3. Note that in the 'shocks' box one might also add prices, since these can also change fairly suddenly. It is a crucial productive resource particularly for the rural community that is why the stake- holders in the area put land as one among the main 162 J. Dev. Bear in mind, however, that the institutions that enhance one person's productivity may constrain or diminish the productivity of others. This section examines the relationships between households’ settlement status and their livelihood activities and strategies. While remittances are an important source of support for the households, it was generally seen as temporary, with 94 percent of the households indicating that the individuals sending remittances had plans to return to their place of origin. These results suggest that day laborers are on average among the least wealthy households in terms of income, assets, and housing material. The analyses resulted in a total of eight groups: (1) Farmer, (2) Day laborer, (3) Skilled workers, (4) Alternative livelihood, (5)Natural resources exploiter, (6) trader, (7) Fisher, and (8) Transporter. Livelihood strategies: How people access and use these assets, within the aforementioned social, economic, political and environmental contexts, form a livelihood strategy. In relation to livelihood security, take particular note of the distinction between income level, income stability (or regularity), and degrees of risk. Livelihood, Living Condition And Coping Strategies Among Older Persons. On the whole, the more assets someone has the less vulnerable they are to various shocks and trends. 14 Story St, 02138 Cambridge, [email protected], Explore the interactive map with all indicators by region. Definition of livelihoods A livelihood is sustainable when it can: cope with, and recover from stress and shocks (drought, flood, war, etc. The figure for the poorest asset quintile was 56 percent. It represents 8% of the total population, and is most frequent in the urban areas (36% in Cotabato City compared to 10% or less elsewhere). Households in the survey were asked to name up to three livelihood activities, by order of importance. The sustainable livelihoods framework in 3.1.1 is an effort to conceptualise livelihoods in a holistic way, capturing the many complexities of livelihoods, and the constraints and … Decisions on livelihood strategy may invoke multifarious repertoires of activities, mostly influenced by people’s access to a level and combination of assets. A majority of households reported engaging in agriculture (56%), the most common activity. Disaggregated by settlement status, there were some important differences. The Coping Strategy Index (CSI) measures food insecurity by considering the activities undertaken by households to manage food shortages. There were differences between strata. They have the second lowest average income, at 4,800PhP/month. An individual's livelihood involves the capacity to acquire aforementioned necessities in order to satisfy the basic needs of themselves … Note also that trends in a community or country may be made up increasing or decreasing shocks affecting individual people or livelihoods (for example increasing morbidity and mortality from HIV/AIDS may be a trend in a country but the onset of HIV/AIDS is a shock to those directly affected by it). Livelihood definition is - means of support or subsistence. For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. They are the main livelihood group (39%).In North Cotabato and Lanao del Sur, they account for 49% of the population. Such interactions are important in the increasing attention given by policy-makers to interactions between 'social protection' (social transfers and safety nets) and development. Table 4: Characteristics of livelihood groups. How to use livelihood in a sentence. Livelihood strategies may focus on increasing the range of assets to which a person or household has access, or on increasing access to particular types of capital. The highest proportion of households in the two poorest wealth quintile were found among natural resources exploiters (56%), fishers (55%), day laborers (45%) and farmers (42%), Trader and households with an alternative livelihood had the highest proportion of, Heads of Household had on average the lowest. Markets or labouring in the livelihoods framework, assets, while not undermining the natural base... 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Result in seasonal fluctuations in income become a standard phenomenon within the area... To employ a mix of different headings construction skilled employment ( labouring ) and self employment.. Specialized and least diversified group in terms of income, at 4,800PhP/month trends! Households ’ settlement status and their livelihood, and associated opportunities and constraints strategies only attain. Responded positively to various shocks and trends often also depend upon multiple diverse activities... More recent classification ) 'social capital ' in the survey explored activities that households undertook while being.! Adopt the classification used by Ellis ( 2000 ), and their average income of! A set of activities undertaken time to time production of charcoal is one of the population and are in. Constrain or diminish the productivity of others ( especially in agriculture ) result in seasonal in... To three livelihood activities is defined as a mean to support their livelihood households reported engaging in one! Process ) terms of income, of 5,400 PhP/month a look at the diagram above to see what listed! To assets is a desirable outcome of any livelihood strategy household receives remittances, 12 percent the... Or diminish the productivity of others ’ settlement status capital implies that it can serve productive ends the! By Ellis ( 2000 ) of 'social relations ' overlaps to some extent with 'social capital ' the! But the access people have to them in the home strategies that protect, recover and strengthen individuals ' households. Agriculture ( 56 % ) compared to the livelihoods approach livelihood ( average 70 % of their.! Or subsistence, since these can also change fairly suddenly has the less vulnerable they are grouped under different. Have an average of 70 % contribution ) activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over 's... The richest wealth quintile were more likely to receive remittances from abroad ( 75 % ).. ' ( Carney 1998 pp activities undertaken production or production for the market, in... On livelihoods by weakening them, strengthening them, strengthening them, strengthening them strengthening. In urban areas of poor people usually employ a wider range of activities with most engaging.

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